# Energy Losses¶

group EnergyLosses

Energy losses of candidates.

class AdiabaticCooling : public Module

class ElectronPairProduction : public Module
#include <ElectronPairProduction.h>

Electron-pair production of charged nuclei with background photons.

This module simulates electron-pair production as a continuous energy loss.

Several photon fields can be selected.

The production of secondary e+/e- pairs and photons can by activated.

By default, the module limits the step size to 10% of the energy loss length of the particle.

class EMTripletPairProduction : public Module
#include <EMTripletPairProduction.h>

Electron triplet pair production of electrons with background photons.

This module simulates electron triplet pair production of electrons with background photons for several photon fields. The secondary electrons from this interaction are optionally created (default = false). The module limits the propagation step size to a fraction of the mean free path (default = 0.1). Thinning is available. A thinning of 0 means that all particles are tracked. For the maximum thinning of 1, only a few representative particles are added to the list of secondaries. Note that for thinning>0 the output must contain the column “weights”, which should be included in the post-processing.

class NuclearDecay : public Module
#include <NuclearDecay.h>

Nuclear decay of unstable nuclei.

This module simulates the nuclear decay of unstable nuclei using data from NuDat2. All decay modes are considered: alpha, beta+- and gamma decay, as well as proton- and neutron dripping. The resulting non-hadronic secondary particles (e+, e-, neutrinos, gamma) can optionally be created.

For details on the preprocessing of the NuDat2 data refer to “CRPropa3-data/calc_decay.py”.

class PhotoDisintegration : public Module
#include <PhotoDisintegration.h>

Photodisintegration of nuclei by background photons.

class PhotoPionProduction : public Module
#include <PhotoPionProduction.h>

Photo-pion interactions of nuclei with background photons.

class Redshift : public Module
#include <Redshift.h>

Updates redshift and applies adiabatic energy loss according to the traveled distance.

class FutureRedshift : public Module
#include <Redshift.h>

Updates redshift and applies adiabatic energy loss according to the traveled distance. Extends to negative redshift values to allow for symmetric time windows around z=0.

class SynchrotronRadiation : public Module